Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Sciences

Water is a Unique Natural Resource

Siniša Franjić — 2024-09-26

Water is a unique and irreplaceable natural resource of limited quantities and uneven spatial and temporal distribution. From the fact that all forms of life and all human activities are more or less connected to water, the importance of the relationship to water and the meaning of the documents regulating this relationship clearly emerge. Economic development and urbanization lead, on the one hand, to a large increase in the need for water, and on the other, to endangering water resources and the water environment. Water can thus become a limiting factor in development and a threat to human health and the sustainability of natural ecosystems.

The Role of Green Energy Systems and Sustainable Development

Abdeen Mustafa Omer — 2024-10-11

People are relying upon oil for primary energy and this will continue for a few more decades. Other conventional sources may be more enduring, but are not without serious disadvantages. The renewable energy resources are particularly suited for the provision of rural power supplies and a major advantage is that equipment such as flat plate solar driers, wind machines, etc., can be constructed using local resources. Without the advantage results from the feasibility of local maintenance and the general encouragement such local manufacture gives to the buildup of small-scale rural based industry. This communication comprises a comprehensive review of energy sources, the environment and sustainable development. It includes the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings in greenhouses environment and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. This study gives some examples of small-scale energy converters, nevertheless it should be noted that small conventional, i.e., engines are currently the major source of power in rural areas and will continue to be so for a long time to come. There is a need for some further development to suit local conditions, to minimise spares holdings, to maximise the interchangeability of the engine parts, and of the engine applications. Emphasis should be placed on full local manufacture. It is concluded that renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented and demonstrated by a full-scale plant (device) especially for use in remote rural areas.

Keywords: Renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency, sustainable development, emissions, environment

Energy Efficient for Heat Exchanger Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

A. M. Omer — 2024-02-13

Scientifically, it is difficult to predict the relationship between global temperature and greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The climate system contains many processes that will change if warming occurs. Critical processes include heat transfer by winds and tides, the hydrological cycle involving evaporation, precipitation, runoff and groundwater and the formation of clouds, snow, and ice, all of which display enormous natural variability. The equipment and infrastructure for energy supply and use are designed with long lifetimes, and the premature turnover of capital stock involves significant costs. Economic benefits occur if capital stock is replaced with more efficient equipment in step with its normal replacement cycle. Likewise, if opportunities to reduce future emissions are taken in a timely manner, they should be less costly.